VEGFA and pulmonary edema: Kandatsu et al. (2005) reported that the pre-inhalation of 1.5% isoflurane exacerbated neurogenic pulmonary edema by inducing the release of VEGF in vascular endothelial cells in a rat in vivo neurogenic pulmonary edema model, whereas pre-inhalation of 2.5% sevoflurane reduced pulmonary edema without inducing VEGF release.