TNF and colorectal cancer: We recently reported that colonization of human colorectal cancer xenografts with the oncolytic VACV strain GLV-1h68 in nude mice, is followed by significant upregulation of murine proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interferon-gamma (IFNγ), IFNγ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/3/5, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP-1), regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), IL-6, IL-1b and tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α), as well as infiltration of F4/80low CXCR4+ myeloid cells [22].