However, this increase in ventricular hypertrophy appears to be different from pathological hypertrophy, which is induced by pressure overload and volume overload in the HF, because mRNA of β-MHC, ANF and, BNF, which are increased in pathological hypertrophy, did not increase in PLN homozygous KO/CSQ-Tg mice. Here, NPPA is linked to hydrops fetalis.