NRAS and cancer: The spontaneous relapse seen after mimicking RAS oncogene-targeted cancer therapy closely resembles the major clinical challenge for targeted cancer therapies in general,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 39, 40 and confirm that NRAS(V12)-addicted AML cells can acquire alternative mechanisms for maintained growth and survival and survive in the absence of the NRAS oncogene.