Kaminska et al.17 found elevated serum levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and G-CSF in a study including NSCLC patients of all stages, compared with healthy controls. Here, VEGFA is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.