NRF1 and brain cancer: With brain neoplasms, the E2-responsive NRF1 target genes are PCNA, PTCH1, and RELA. These genes are also responsive to the following EEDCs: ethinyl estradiol (PCNA and PTCH1), BPA (PCNA and RELA), dibutyl phthalate (PCNA and PTCH1), cadmium (RELA), arsenic (PCNA and PTCH1), and manganese (RELA) (Table 5).