When looking at other cell types, Gal-3 is an upstream regulator of the NF-κB pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia42 and ovarian cancer cells43, also critically responsible for stimulation of IL-6 and CCL5 production/secretion from synovial fibroblasts of RA and – to a lesser extent – of OA patients44. Here, CCL5 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.