ATM and infection: In this study, we found that inhibition of the ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK kinases led to reduced PCV2 yield production (Fig. 5A), which is related to reductions in viral DNA replication (Fig. 5B) and viral protein synthesis (Fig. 5C), thus suggesting that activation of the DDR pathway enhances viral replication and is adopted by the virus for its own productive infection.