A number of the top genes identified in this study have previously been implicated in prostate cancer development and progression, Gleason grade, metastases and biochemical recurrence; including CANT1 [29], FBP1 [30], RRM2 [31], POLE2 [32], PDE4D [33], and ALDH1A3 [34]. Here, PDE4D is linked to Familial prostate cancer.