TNF and infection: CVB3 virus induces increased levels of HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-17 in the heart and serum of the AVMC mice, and all of these changes can be significantly decreased by EP treatment (40 mg/kg/day and 80 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally injected on day 5, day 6 and day 7 post infection), and this protective effect is associated with inhibition of HMGB1/RAGE/NF-kB pathway [71].