In the livers of animals infected with HA-MARV, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, as well as the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 and the Th1 cytokine IL-12, were all elevated early before decreasing over the course of infection (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Fig. 7a). This evidence concerns the gene IL5 and infection.