After 72 hours co-incubation with several liver cancer cell lines (Fig. 3a), the percentages of PD-L1+MDSCs were significantly increased compared with control (control 0.25%, Hep3B 0.87%; p < 0.001, Li7 0.63%; p < 0.01, PLC 0.64%; p < 0.01, HepG2 0.60%; p < 0.01, Huh7 0.52%; p < 0.05) (Fig. 3b). Here, CD274 is linked to liver cancer.