In contrast, exogenous administration of IL-18 at doses of 1 or 10 μg/kg immediately after and 24 h after rectal administration of OXA also prevented the development of colitis (Fig. 5D) without affecting the expression of IL-4 and IL-13 (Fig. 5E,F,I,J) on day 1. The gene discussed is IL13; the disease is colitis.