Exogenous administration of IL-1β at doses of 1 or 10 μg/kg immediately after and 24 h after rectal administration of OXA prevented the development of OXA-induced colitis in the mice (Fig. 5A), with a reduction in mRNA levels and protein concentrations of IL-4 and IL-13 (Fig. 5B,C,G,H) on day 1. Here, IL4 is linked to colitis.