Our study concludes that the most important risk factors for listeriosis are the reduced Th17 immune competency of patients with cancer associated with the chemotherapy received and their high sensitivity to infection with hypervirulent strains, along with low levels of two immunological biomarkers, IL-17A/IL-6 ratios, and IgG anti-GAPDH1–22 antibodies. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and listeriosis.