That especially physiological changes, related to HD (i.e., increased gastrointestinal endotoxin release due to the fluid translocations occurring in the post‐dialysis period 22), may give rise to elevated CXCL‐13 levels was indicated by our observation, that CXCL13 concentrations, in 17 patients with (advanced) NDD‐CKD, did not differ significantly from those of controls but were significantly reduced compared to those of the ESRD group (data not shown). The gene discussed is CXCL13; the disease is chronic kidney disease.