Regular physical exercise therefore induces suppression of TNF-α and thereby offers protection against TNF-α-induced insulin resistance.16 Low-grade systemic inflammation therefore appears to be aetiologically linked to the pathogenesis of CHD,17 countered by moderate exercise with its anti-inflammatory effects5 (Fig. 1, pathway: 3a-53-blood glucose-54-69-insulin resistance-71). Here, TNF is linked to Insulin resistance.