INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: For instance, in the standard T1D basal+bolus insulin therapy administered via insulin pumps, the amount of insulin to be injected as a bolus at meal-time IB is calculated as follows:(1)IB=(CHOCR+BGmt−BGtargetCF),where CF is the correction factor, CR is the CHO-to-insulin ratio, BGmt is the BG concentration at meal time measured via SMBG, and BGtarget is the target BG value that the T1D patient would like to reach after the meal.