Treatment with the TLR4 ligands LPS and LPS + HMGB1 also caused significantly increased cancer cell proliferation compared to untreated cells (MIAPaCa-2: 127%, p < 0.05 and 132%, p < 0.05; BxPC-3: 118% and 148%, p < 0.0001; PaCaDD135: 104% and 112%, p < 0.05) (Figure 10B). This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and cancer.