HMGB1 and cancer: Significantly increased VEGF gene expression was observed in BxPC-3 cancer cells when treated with the three TLR ligands either alone or in a combined setting (ODN: TLR9 FD = 3.4, p < 0.05; LTA: TLR2 FD = 2.4, n.s.; HMGB1: non-specific FD = 2.5, p < 0.05; ODN + HMGB1: FD = 3.3, p < 0.005; LTA + HMGB1: FD = 2.7, p < 0.05) (Figure 6A, left).