In PaCaDD135 tumor cells, increased phosphorylation of Erk was observed after treatment with almost all TLR ligands (ODN: 180%, LPS: 142%, HMGB1: 137%, ODN + HMGB1: 139%, and LPS + HMGB1: 170%) (Figure 8C, left). This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and neoplasm.