In BxPC-3 cancer cells single treatment with TLR agonists either alone or in combination resulted in increased phosphorylation of Erk (ODN: relative optical density, ROD = 149%, LTA: 118%, LPS: 133%, HMGB1: 144%, ODN + HMGB1: 126%, LTA + HMGB1: 110%, and LPS + HMGB1: 113%) (Figure 8A, left). Here, HMGB1 is linked to cancer.