Multiplicity of infection within the allelic families reduced clonality of the parasite population from 37.5 to 33% in msp1 and 46 to 35% in msp2 (Fig. 2; Table 3) and it possible that even higher MOIs would be identified within the allelic families if a more sensitive sizing technique such as capillary electrophoresis was used instead of agarose gel electrophoresis. Here, ATAD1 is linked to infection.