All inflammatory mediators increased in the DfE-induced AD control mice, and FSE suppressed the expression of chemokines (TARC, MDC, and RANTES), Th1/Th2 cytokines (TNF-α and IL-4), and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) (Fig 5B). Here, VCAM1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.