This was a surprising but very relevant finding, particularly as CXCL-8 is a powerful neutrophil chemoattractant linked to COPD pathology [25, 26] and CCL-20 has been implicated in attracting dendritic cells to the epithelium and adventitia of the small airways of COPD patients [36]. Here, CCL20 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.