For instance, several clinical features of fetal alcohol syndrome overlap with HPE and SOD, suggesting that prenatal ethanol exposure might increase the risk of both conditions, depending on the timing of the insult (Sulik et al., 1981; Strömland, 1987; Coulter et al., 1993; Ashwell and Zhang, 1994; Blader and Strähle, 1998; Hellström, 1999; Ribeiro et al., 2007; Aoto et al., 2008; Loucks and Ahlgren, 2009; Lipinski et al., 2010, 2012; Zhang et al., 2011). The gene discussed is SOD1; the disease is holoprosencephaly.