The potential triggering of SLE through TLRs, MDA5, JAK/STAT, and NFkB pathways in pDCs by viruses (e.g., RNA viruses such as picornaviruses), bacteria (LPS), and products of aberrant apoptosis (dsDNA, ssDNA, and dsRNA) has been discussed thus far. Here, IFIH1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.