TLR4 and lung carcinoma: Recently, it has been demonstrated that TLR3 and TLR4 activation [in an LPS- or poly(I:C)-induced model] in lung cancer cell lines (A549 and H460) causes (1) Lys63-linked ubiquitynilation of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and (2) induced autophagy.