Significantly higher protein concentrations of MMP9, CTSG, LCN2, and human neutrophil peptide 1-3 (HNP1-3; encoded by α-defensin 1 and 3 [DEFA1 and DEFA3]) were detected in the CSF of patients who eventually had TBM-IRIS compared with those who did not (Figure 1C). Here, MMP9 is linked to meningeal tuberculosis.