HMGB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: The potent nuclear-derived DAMP high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) may interact with nucleosomes and thus affect immunostimulation as HMGB1 stimulates cells via TLR4 and RAGE.49 Nucleosome-HMGB1 complexes have been found in the circulation of SLE patients and were shown to induce the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α from human macrophages, and the expression of costimulatory molecules in human DCs.33 Interestingly, nucleosomes without HMGB1 were not immunostimulatory in this study.