BRCA1 and breast carcinoma: In 2014, Al-Moghrabi et al. investigated the presence of constitutive BRCA1 hypermethylation in 155 breast cancer patients and 143 cancer-free females and found that constitutive epimutation can constitute a mechanism for breast cancer predisposition, being present in 14.2% of breast cancer patients and 9.1% of cancer-free females (with a positive family history of cancer) [33].