It was also reported that the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12 were significantly higher in SLE patients than in healthy controls, as well as the Th1/Th2 (IL-12/IL-10, IL-12/IL-4, IFN-γ/IL-10, IFN-γ/IL-4, TNF-α/IL-10, and TNF-α/IL-4) ratios28. Here, IL4 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.