IL1B and cholestasis: Liver is a major target organ of gut-derived bacteria and endotoxins, which could be promptly eradicated under the physiological conditions, whereas cholestasis is usually accompanied by increased translocation rate of bacteria and endotoxins (such as LPS) due to the intestinal microecological unbalance and mucosal barrier damage caused by bile acids deficiency in the gut, therefore translocated LPS may provide the first signal for the synthesis of pro-IL-1β.