CLEC4E and infection: Based on differences in bacterial loads and lung histopathology between WT and Mincle KO mice, we measured pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release in WT and KO mice challenged with type 19F S. pneumoniae. WT mice exhibited tightly regulated waves of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release peaking at 12 h-24 h with a decline to baseline levels by 96 h post-infection.