Indeed, the level of IP-10 was synergistically increased in the supernatant of IAV-infected THP-1 MDMs exposed to SP (mean: 30,589 ± 16,484 pg ml−1) compared to single IAV infection (1,439 ± 566.5 pg ml−1) and single SP infection (4,472 ± 2,001 pg ml−1; P≤0.05; Fig. 2c) at 24 hours after infection. The gene discussed is CXCL10; the disease is infection.