S100A8/A9 expression can be induced in monocytes, endothelial cells, keratinocytes or epithelial cells by mediators such as LPS and TNF56, 57 and it is often increased in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions56, including rheumatoid arthritis, cancers and neurological disorders58, 59 where they seem to play cytokine-like pro-inflammatory effects55. This evidence concerns the gene IGKV1D-22 and cancer.