In contrast, insulin i.p. injection induced a similar decrease in blood sugar level for all groups (diet effect: F(2,21) = 0.26, p = 0.78, time effect: F(4,84) = 417.32, p < 0.001, diet × time interaction: F(8,84) = 1, p = 0.45, AUC: F(2,21) = 1.21, p < 0.32; Figure 1D), showing HF exposure did not induce insulin resistance under our conditions. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.