Intriguingly, recent studies have shown that SIRT3 levels in pancreatic islets are reduced in patients afflicted with type 2 diabetes [35] and SIRT3 overexpression in pancreatic β-cells promotes insulin secretion and abrogates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that is connected to β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis [36]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.