TNF and cancer: Scheede-Bergdahl et al. have reported an association between cancer cachexia and interleukin (IL)-1b levels [22], and Tisdale et al. have also reported that cachexia is associated with cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), IL-1, IL-2, and IL-6, and interferon-r (IFN-r).