SEMA3E and cancer: As for Sema3E's role in cancer metastasis, some studies have reported Sema3E to promote cell migration and invasiveness in vitro and metastasis in vivo [6, 30], and these studies have also found that the p61 kDa isoform of the protein was primarily responsible for these effects, either through transactivating ErbB2/Neu kinase signaling, or by inducing nuclear localization of Snail1 via the activation of PI3K and MAPK pathways [7].