Altered function of all three SHANK genes have been implicated in autism, with SHANK3 showing the highest prevalence (Moessner et al., 2007; Gauthier et al., 2009; Awadalla et al., 2010; Berkel et al., 2010, 2012; Pinto et al., 2010; Schaaf et al., 2011; Waga et al., 2011; Leblond et al., 2012, 2014; Prasad et al., 2012; Sanders et al., 2012; Sato et al., 2012; Boccuto et al., 2013; Koshimizu et al., 2013; Coe et al., 2014; De Rubeis et al., 2014; Guilmatre et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014a; Cochoy et al., 2015; Krumm et al., 2015; Nemirovsky et al., 2015; Yuen et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene SHANK3 and autism.