Once activated by phosphorylation, MAPK can regulate transcription of BIM mRNA via a 3′UTR-mediated mechanism,17 as well as regulating the stability of the BIM protein via phosphorylation, which targets the BIM protein for ubiquitin-mediated degradation.18 In addition, MAPK activity/phosphorylation can be modulated by the cAMP/PKA pathway.19, 20 Phospho-MAPK (pMAPK) expression in all GBM cell lines correlated to sensitivity to Fsk–IBMX (Figure 5 and Supplementary Figure S4), suggesting a key role for MAPK signaling in BIM expression regulation and apoptosis. Here, BCL2L11 is linked to glioblastoma.