In synovial fibroblasts of RA patients, TGF-β1 induces the activity of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, which are involved in the development of inflammation, and enhances the expression of inflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, degrading enzymes such as MMP1 and MMP3 as well as the angiogenic factor VEGF [49, 50]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and rheumatoid arthritis.