TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Among the proinflammatory mediators, the mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), IL1-β, nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in T2DM (Fig. 5) while both the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 showed an increasing trend but not statistically significant.