However, only 3 out of the 65 genes differentially expressed in ≥8 pairs of the 10 pairs were epilepsy-related genes according to NCBI Gene (Table 4), which suggested that some new DEGs, including AZGP1, MMP19, DES, LGR6, SERPINA3, CX3CR1, DUSP5, EGR4, GPR37, etc. might be correlated with refractory epilepsy. Here, MMP19 is linked to epilepsy.