In adults of African descent, the presence of high risk (HR) APOL1 genotype (characterized by the presence of two risk alleles, defined as G1/G1 homozygotes, G2/G2 homozygotes, and G1/G2 compound heterozygotes), preferentially selected by the process of evolution, was found to be associated with non-diabetic or “hypertension-attributed” end-stage renal disease (ESRD), idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and HIV-associated nephropathy (2–5). This evidence concerns the gene APOL1 and chronic kidney disease.