OAS3 and influenza: Likewise, we found that the presence of the Neandertal haplotype was associated with reduced expression levels of OAS3, particularly in PBMCs infected with influenza (P = 6.1 × 10−3) and the synthetic ligand gardiquimod (P = 2.0 × 10−4), which mimics a single strand RNA infection (Fig. 5b).