To study this possibility, we analyzed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data collected on primary macrophages from 96 European-descent individuals, before and after in vitro infection with Salmonella typhimurium. After 2 h of infection, we found that all OAS genes were strongly upregulated (up to 19-fold, P < 1 × 10−10; Additional file 1: Figure S4), confirming the ability of Salmonella to activate the interferon (IFN) production pathway [31–33]. Here, IFNA1 is linked to infection.