GNAS and cancer: These genes were categorized as genes significantly relevant to cancer, endocrine system disorders, and organismal injury and abnormalities, including 14 upregulated genes (TTR, OGN, IGF2, IGFBP2, MGP, BMP, BMP7, BMP6, PCOLCE, LEPR, SCL22A8, DAB2, MYOC, ALDH1A2), and three downregulated genes (SLC1A1, GNAS, LPL) (Fig. 4b).