AR and neoplasm: In addition, expression of this AR-V could promote androgen-independent growth of LNCaP cells in a biphasic manner (Fig. 5h and Supplementary Fig. 13b) Thus, similar to patients C-6 and C-12, an AR-GSR enriched in the sub-clonal architecture of tumour C-9A was responsible for expression of a constitutively active AR-V species that could promote androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells.