ADCYAP1 and Parkinson disease: In the specific case of PD pathology, PACAP has been demonstrated to safeguard in vitro PD cell model against both salsolinol-induced and inflammatory-mediated toxicity (Brown et al. 2013, 2014), to protect rat dopaminergic neurons after injection of 6-OHDA into the substantia nigra (Reglodi et al. 2004), and to prevent Parkinson-like neuronal loss and motor deficits induced by prostaglandin J2 (Shivers et al. 2014).