In EGFR or ALK-positive NSCLC, several early phase trials are ongoing, combining PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitors with EGFR (erlotinib, afatinib, osimertinib) or ALK (crizotinib) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in treatment-naive and previously treated patients (NCT01998126, NCT02511184). Here, CTLA4 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.