PTEN and left ventricular hypertrophy: Given the well-established role of PTEN and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in physiological left ventricular hypertrophy (Kehat and Molkentin, 2010; Ellison et al., 2012; Ma et al., 2013), increased miR-486 and miR-494 could encourage exercise-induced physiological left ventricular hypertrophy and subsequent augment O2 max and endurance performance by deregulating its target, PTEN.