Although intramuscular injection of plasmid-TSHR was less effective than ad-TSHR for inducing Graves’ disease in mice, the adoption of intramuscular electroporation for plasmid-TSHR genetic immunization has recently achieved considerable improvement in disease induction as manifested by in vivo hTSHR expression and significantly increased disease incidence (46, 47). The gene discussed is TSHR; the disease is Graves disease.