For example, CpG island methylation in schistosoma-associated bladder cancer displays a higher methylation index compared with that in non-schistosoma-associated bladder cancer(Gutierrez et al., 2004); during S. mansoni infection, a population of IFN-γ/IL-4 double-positive cells was found to display a discrete DNA methylation pattern in CpG islands within the body of the Gata3 gene, which encodes the master regulator of Th2 identity. This evidence concerns the gene GATA3 and urinary bladder cancer.