For example, CpG island methylation in schistosoma-associated bladder cancer displays a higher methylation index compared with that in non-schistosoma-associated bladder cancer(Gutierrez et al., 2004); during S. mansoni infection, a population of IFN-γ/IL-4 double-positive cells was found to display a discrete DNA methylation pattern in CpG islands within the body of the Gata3 gene, which encodes the master regulator of Th2 identity. Here, IL4 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.